?Read the following article about career development and the questions on the opposite page．
?For each question 15-20，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose．
How to get to the top
Marketing used to be the route to the chief executive's chair，but the world has changed．Now，says Monika Hamori．professor of human resources at Instituto de Empresa in Madrid，it is finance chiefs who are most likely to get the top job，though experience in opera-tions-running parts of the companyis also essential．CFO Magazine found in 2005 that onefifth of chief ex-ecutives in America were former chief financiaI officers，almost double the share of a decade earlier．The importance of quarterly financial reporting，and closer scrutiny since the imposition of the Sarbanesoxley corporategovernance act，have put CFOs in the limelightand given them the chance to shine．
Another factor in reaching the top is whether you stay with the company you joined as a youngster．Ms．Hamori's research looked at companies in the S&P 500 and the FTSEurofirst 300．She finds that‘lifers’get to the top in 22 years in America and 24 years in Europe：‘Hoppers’who jump between four or more companies，by contrast，take at least 26 years on average to become chief executives．Insiders get promotions that reflect their potential，because their bosses have enough information to be reasonably confident about their ability．When executives switch from one company to another，however，they tend to move less far up the hierarchy，the researchers found．
The time taken to reach the top is falling．The average time from first job to chief executive fell from 28 years in 1980 to 24 in 2001．Successful executives are spending less time than they used to in each intermediate joban average of four yearsand they fill five posts on the way up．down from six．One reason for this acceleration is that company hierarchies are flatter than they used to be．Another important shift is the advent of female chief executives． 1n 2001 women accounted for 11%of bosses at leading American companies．a(chǎn)c-cording to the Hamori/Cappelli survey；in the early 1980s there were none．
America is usually regarded as the home of raw capitalism．with youthful managers hopping from firm to firm and pushing their way to the top．But the HamorL/Cappelli study and another by Booz & Company，a consultancy，show that Europe is a more dynamic and harsher environ-menl than America or Japan for chief executives．For a start，European chief executives are younger，with an average age of 54．compared with over 56 in America．The Hamor/Cappelli study shows that 26%of American bos-ses were lifers，compared with only 18%in Europe．
The Europeans also have a harder time once they get to the top.Booz ＆ Company's annual survey of chiefexecutive succession shows that 17.6%of European bosses moved on last year．compared with 15%of Americans and 10%of Japanese．Chief executives．the survey found，last longer in America：the average tenure over the past decade was just over nine years．But in Europe the average tenure over the same period was less than seven years．
Moreover．a(chǎn) whopping 37%of changes at the top in Europe were more or less firings，according to Booz，compared with only 27%in America and 12%in Japan．Booz puts this down to the more recent tightening of corporate governance in Europe,Another Booz finding is common to both sides of the Atlantic：looking back over recent years，board disputes and power struggles lie behind a third of chiefexecutive firings．In short，shareholder activism is making its presence felt，putting pressure on bosses to perform．
What is true according to the first paragraph？
A．CFOs'hard work leads to their increasing chances of promotion．
B．CFOs usually have no experience in management．
C．Marketing directors no longer have the chance to get a top position．
D．Chief executives used to be promoted mainly from the marketing department．
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單擊命令按鈕時(shí),下列程序的運(yùn)行結(jié)果為
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Print Fun(23, 18)
End Sub
Public Function Fun(m As Integer, n As Integer) As Integer
Do While m $amp;Do While m ＞ n: m=m - n: Loop
Do While m ＜ n: n=n - m: Loop
Loop
Fun=m
End Function
A．0
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?Read the article below about the impact of technology on the environment.
?Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.
?For each question 21-30, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
Business and the environment
These days in business, people have to face many challenging questions when designing , and implementing new projects in undeveloped areas of the countryside. One issue which has to be faced is whether it is possible to introduce new technology without destroying the local environment.
Economic (21) and environmental conservation are often seen as natural enemies. It is unfortunate that in the past this has often been true, and it has been necessary to choose between (22) the project or protecting the environment. However, by taking environmental considerations (23) at an early stage in a project, companies can significantly reduce any impact on local plants and animals.
For example, in southern Africa, a company called CEL was asked to put up 410 km of a power transmission line without disturbing the rare birds which inhabit that area. The project was carried out with (24) disturbance last summer. What may surprise many business people is the fact that this consideration for local wildlife did not in any way (25) down the project. Indeed, the necessary advance planning (26) with local knowledge and advanced technology, (27) that the project was actually completed ahead of schedule. CEL was contracted to finish the job by October and (28) to do so two months earlier.
CEL is one of those companies which is (29) to the principle of environmental conservation. Many other companies have yet to be (30) of the importance of balancing the needs of people with those of the environment. However, it may be the only realistic way forward.
(21)
A．development
B．progression
C．rise
D．increase