What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also（）.

In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of （）.

“It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.

protolanguage

ethnic dialect